Are You Pro-Choice?
Perhaps, like me, you've heard that sometimes too much choice is bad. Consumers get paralyzed by the array of products on offer and just can't make up their minds, so they simply choose to buy nothing.
This effect has been demonstrated in experiments several times, but via Tyler Cowen, Tim Harford writes that these experiments may not have been as robust as we thought:
Benjamin Scheibehenne, a psychologist at the University of Basel, was thinking along these lines when he decided (with Peter Todd and, later, Rainer Greifeneder) to design a range of experiments to figure out when choice demotivates, and when it does not.
But a curious thing happened almost immediately. They began by trying to replicate some classic experiments — such as the jam study, and a similar one with luxury chocolates. They couldn’t find any sign of the “choice is bad” effect. Neither the original Lepper-Iyengar experiments nor the new study appears to be at fault: the results are just different and we don’t know why.
After designing 10 different experiments in which participants were asked to make a choice, and finding very little evidence that variety caused any problems, Scheibehenne and his colleagues tried to assemble all the studies, published and unpublished, of the effect.
The average of all these studies suggests that offering lots of extra choices seems to make no important difference either way. There seem to be circumstances where choice is counterproductive but, despite looking hard for them, we don’t yet know much about what they are. Overall, says Scheibehenne: “If you did one of these studies tomorrow, the most probable result would be no effect.” Perhaps choice is not as paradoxical as some psychologists have come to believe. One way or another, we seem to be able to cope with it.
Interesting! Perhaps the paradox of choice used to be true in simpler times, but the internet and the rest of modern life have taught us to revel in choice, rather than being intimidated by it. In a related vein, maybe it's a generational thing. Maybe choice dazzles me more than it does a 20-something who grew up with 87 cell phone plans, 300 cable channels, and 1,000 Facebook friends.
Personally, I find a wide array of choice intimidating mainly if I'm trying to buy something brand new that I don't know anything about. If there are 20 different kinds of cough syrup on the shelf, and I've never bought cough syrup before, I might just give up on the whole thing and keep on coughing. I suppose that's pretty obvious, but it might explain the differences in some of the experiments. If you showed me a huge variety of wines, I might throw up my hands in despair rather than trying to puzzle out which one to buy. Show me an equally huge variety of candy bars and I'd pretty quickly narrow it down to half a dozen that I liked and then choose one. That's because I consume a lot more candy bars than I do wine.
It's worth noting that whether or not social scientists are certain that the paradox of choice really exists, good sales people are certain that it does. Watch a good sales person at work, and you'll notice that one of the first things they do is try to narrow your choices for you if you seem even the least bit confused. When they ask what features are most important to you, they're trying to narrow your choices. When they ask what things you don't like, they're trying to narrow your choices. When they ask about your price range, they're trying to narrow your choices. Because they know in their hearts that if they can just get you down to two or three alternatives, there's a pretty good chance you'll get seriously invested in the decision process and then eventually choose one of them.
So how about you? When do you get intimidated by choice?
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Comments
Kevin, would you really not buy cough syrup or wine because there are too many choices? I find that decision process and/or emotional response very strange. I literally can't imagine feeling that way about buying something I want or need. I am quite particular about things I buy and do quite a bit of research generally, and for a high cost purchase many choices can add some stress. But for an everyday purchase my most likely response for a large array of choices with no easily apparent "best" choice, I just pick one and assume the differences are probably largely irrelevant or minimal. Cough syrup is cough syrup. A $20 bottle of wine is a $20 bottle of wine. The gaussian distribution of quality/effectiveness is going to be pretty tight with very few outliers. Or at least that's how I look at it. Now for a product I don't really want/need, I could see a vast array of choices making it less likely for me to buy but that's a different situation.
So maybe it is generational, but I can't really see a cause for the generational difference. I don't think the interwebs make me more likely to buy cough syrup, but maybe. I guess.
I probaby buy more wine and
I probaby buy more wine and cheese than I consume because there is so much choice (well, that's true in the case of cheese, the wine usually gets drunk some how). Same is true for scotch. The choice makes it fun, if hard on the wallet.
I find the same is true with large ticket items. I'm always checking out computers, appliances and real estate, and sometimes make a purchase. So I guess I'm the opposite, I tend to consume items that offer more choice. And I'm a member of the pre-texting generation.
it's another trick
Clearly the study was based on a "trick" designed by socialist social scientists to make our glorious free market system look stupid.
Why shouldn't we spend the resources to build grotesquely huge stores so that I can walk down the mile-long toothpaste aisle and choose between
whitening
sensitivity
anti-decay
whitening/sensitivity
whitening/anti-decay
etc...
And then don't forget the breath freshening, and the different flavors
You got a problem with that?
save yourself the sturm and drung
Just wash your mouth out with soap thersites!
Apparently choosing among
Apparently choosing among the 5 vowels is sometimes a challenge, too.
work
When I have a million ASAP things on my to do list, like now. Time to procrastinate on the internet instead.
depends on the product
Jams or Chocolates? Pour on the choices.
Computers - for me and my father, lots of choice. For the rest of the family not so much.
Cell phone plans - oh crap they all suck.
I'm a little more hesitant when making a choice for the first time. first time i shop for something i might hesitate (i.e. HDTV's, computers, etc...) and put something off to give me time to review. But I will buy eventually.
Salespeople are tying to
Salespeople are tying to build a case against you. Like in a court of law, only there's no protection against incriminating yourself.
"You said you want x, y, and z, and this model offers x, y, z, and the rest of the alphabet, and you're pre-approved for credit, so what's the big hold up?"
The close rate is pretty high with that kind of pitch.
If there are 20 different
If there are 20 different kinds of cough syrup on the shelf, and I've never bought cough syrup before, I might just give up on the whole thing and keep on coughing.
Really? I just grab one that is moderately expensive among the whole and go for it. When you really have no basis for comparison you just have to hope that FDA didn't fall asleep at the switch and take the plunge.
Really? You walk past the
Really? You walk past the shelf of three hundred different "supplements" and choose a random one? I suspect most people look at that wall and ignore them all.
I also suspect that if you had a *trusted* company, and trusted is important, which cut through the BS, saying "we make four formulations (young, old)x(male, female)" and that's all, choose the one that fits you" would do very well.
Or, consider financial products. A primary reason people don't get around to making financial investments is that the choices seem overwhelming --- ETFs and stocks or mutual funds? Bonds or annuities? Munis or convertibles? And within a financial class, a financial subclass --- short term or long term bonds? And within a subclass, the company to deal with.
Or consider computing. Steve Jobs (yeah, yeah, some of you hate him, whatever) said that leadership consists of saying NO, not saying yes, and the first thing he did on returning to Apple was to clean up the product line --- portable/desktop vs consumer/professional, and that's pretty much what Apple still has (with minor oddball variants, now, for admittedly special needs --- the mini and XServe).
I honestly believe that a primary reason MS had so little interest in Vista is that few potential customers were interested in dealing with the crap of figuring out which of ten possible variants they wanted (and the psychological fear that you have made the wrong choice). And as far as I can tell the same is happening with 7, that precious few people are interested in actually buying 7 apart from it coming bundled with a new machine. Compare with Apple where the simple choice --- do I want the single pack or (for not much money more) do I want to be honest and buy the family pack --- seems to generate substantially higher purchases of OS upgrades.
(I'm not interested in this as an MS vs Apple rant. I am interested in it as a real world example of very different business strategies. MS' strategy is predicated on B-School thinking --- segregate your customers into as many bins as possible, and charge each one as much as you can --- while Apple's is predicated on a larger model of psychology --- customers who feel they have been cheated, even via the subtle cheating of forcing them to decide which of many versions of an OS to buy, are less likely to buy your products in future.
MS' strategy may be optimal for them, in the sense that their primary customers are not consumers, they are businesses and manufacturers. But it is interesting to see that this strategy does appear to have real world effects.
Finally, just to answer the obvious, yes of course Apple has multiple models. But, for the most part, they do a reasonable job of making it pretty clear how models differ.
Do you value lightness in your portable above all else? Airbook.
Is price most important? Macbook.
Otherwise choose your screensize, and buy the low, middle, or high-end model.
What you DON'T get is the sort of BS the Japanese are famous for where you have twenty different GPS units (or stereos or VCRs or whatever) from the same manufacturer, all with a different collection of randomly chosen features, and no apparent logic as to which of these is supposed to appeal to anyone. Even if you want to pay a little more, it generally turns out that there is no sort of tiering whereby more money gets you all the lower features plus one.
This non-subset-ness was, of course, also a notorious feature of the various Vista versions.
And so it is with Macs, where you don't get the choice of "oh yes, I would like to have a crappier battery and save $100" or I'd like a Macbook pro, but without a webcam". Regardless of what economic theorists may claim, Apple customers for the most part seem to prefer a model whereby you're essentially saying "give me the best portable available for $x00, as determined by Apple" rather than "give me this specific bundle of features". )
record shops
walking into a record emporium such as amoeba in san francisco or waterloo in austin is sort of overwhelming since it is hard to make up my mind which purchases are the most urgent in that moment. that's where i think "too much choice" has the most deleterious effect: luxury goods where there are so many similarly great choices one can make. things like groceries or medicine are easier - at least to me - because being hungry or sick leads me to more efficient decision-making based on a actual physiological need.
etc.
Desire to narrow things doesn't mean paradox of choice
The salesman example doesn't say anything about the paradox of choice. Of course you want to get it down to two or three options, but if the initial pools is more diverse than theoretically the two or three final options will be a lot more reflective of your needs.
The problem with lots of choice is the cost of gathering information. That's what sales people and recommendation systems are for. Run a test with a good recommendation, say Amazon's, and one that provides no rating at all. I think more choices add value most when you've got a recommendation system. Alternately, if it's the area of your expertise, than choices are nice because it's worth paying the information cost.
Primary inhibitors: 1.when
Primary inhibitors:
1.when the risks of choosing wrong reach a certain level. High price, personal cost.
2. when there are no clear criteria for choosing, or if the offered criteria are not relevant to me.
Computers are an interesting case because, while there are very specific choice critiera,many people don't understand them or their practical significance. Choosing between phone plans is frustrating to me because the differentiators don't fit my personal situation well.
Re cold medicine--I'm also prone to going without rather than choosing wrong. Too many experiences where I felt worse (woozy, generally drugged up) so the personal cost of choosing wrong is too high (ok, i'm also sick and not thinking straight...).
Cell Phone Plans
They're a crying shame. And though I'm not there yet, I'm going to dread trying to figure out Medicare Part D.
Cough syrup
Minor point, but still: It doesn't really matter how many brands of cough syrup there are. All that matters is the active ingredients, and how much is in each dose -- and the list of active ingredients is pretty darn short. If there's an expectorant, it's almost always guaifenesin (sp?); if there's a decongestant, it's almost always pseudoephedrine, and the cough suppressant is usually dextromethorphan (unless it's prescribed codeine). The task facing cough syrup advertisers is to *convince* you there is much more choice than there really is.
I might walk away when there
I might walk away when there are a lot of choices that are not bad but moderately lousy, when it would be almost wrong to pick any of them but necessity doesn't quite demand that I take any of them which would be the case if there were a lot of choices that were all entirely lousy, where you can just grab any of them.
If there are a lot that are moderately lousy there is a chance that one of them will be less-lousy in just the way for you --and how the hell are you supposed to figure that out?
In this situation it's easier to walk away and wait for the problem to resolve itself.
my struggles
I have trouble shopping for toilet paper. Very hard for me to figure out which is the best value. The cheapest is scratchy. The most expensive is overkill. The coupons complicate the math, too. Then there's that whole 1-ply vs. 2-ply thing.
Also have trouble with paper towels.
Age and Personality
I'm older than you and see myself in what you wrote. But personality also plays a role--if I'm supposed to be rational in choosing consumer products (in order to maintain my self-image), I can subscribe to Consumer Reports, Google for expert opinion, or look at user reviews. But how do you decide among the many things you can do with your time? And travel--these days the whole world is open to you so how do you decide? Much easier to be a couch potato.
I think the sales folk might
I think the sales folk might be just trying to get something in front of you that you actually care about before you lose interest looking at things that aren't right. Eliminating choice might not be the main goal.
Choice that allows you to customize to your needs (with the help of expertise of your own or the sales person) is a good thing. Designed obsolescence, lack of standards, and incompatibility -- things that result in a plethora of options that masquerade as choice -- are bad thing.
Since most services -
Since most services - insurance, banking, communications, health, etc. - have pages of qualifiers which deliberately make it difficult for the consumer to figure out what is actually being offered and at what price, those choices are difficult. It's a matter of who is going to rip you off at what rate.
Otherwise, not much of a problem.
If you showed me a huge
If you showed me a huge variety of wines, I might throw up my hands in despair rather than trying to puzzle out which one to buy. Show me an equally huge variety of candy bars and I'd pretty quickly narrow it down to half a dozen that I liked and then choose one. That's because I consume a lot more candy bars than I do wine.
Quit your bellyachin'. Start winin'.
Aren't some types of brain
Aren't some types of brain injuries related to indecision? I heard there are folks out there who understand all the implications of a choice but just can't pass the barrier to an actual decision no matter how trivial. Preview comment or Post comment? Hmmmmmmm.
Choice
Simple choices -- where you can make the decision quickly and do not have to study and absorb complex information -- are easy. You might become exasperated by being confronted with ten kinds of strawberry jam, but unless your a congenital ditherer, you shouldn't have any trouble choosing which jam to buy.
Choices involving complex products are another matter. Who, for example, would have the time to read and compare the fine print in 40 different competing health insurance policies (a fate to which Obamacare will condemn us)? Sure, in one sense, that's a wealth of choice -- but in every practical sense, it's chaos.
These social science researchers need to figure out how to distinguish a lot of choices from a glut of choices.
I don't think your sales
I don't think your sales people example says anything about the paradox of choice. If there are 100 wines available, no one is going to sit and describe each wine for every customer. It just doesn't make sense. What they are doing is finding out which choices are relevant. Do you hate red wine? Then I won't waste time talking about our 50 reds.
carmenere and nero d'avola
Wine? Choose the low cost Carmenere and the low cost Nero D'Avola.
Chocolate? Choose the low cost 72% cacao.
Cough syrup? Choose the store brand that matches the ingredients of the national brand.
Medical treatment? Now there is a dilemma.
When a medical choice may mean life or death, affluence or poverty, or change to quality of life, then more information may be required to make an informed decision, which is especially problematic when time is short.
Nursing home? Whichever one can pass the olfactory test.
On second thought, sales
On second thought, sales folk usually steer me toward the three most expensive things they think are somewhat relevant.
Mostly I get annoyed by choice when one of the following happens:
1) Not enough information. Like five lightbulbs, several of which don't say how much power they use and lumens they produce.
2) Fake choice. Ten cough syrups, all containing the same ingredients in the same order.
3) False choice. Several items, with AB, BC, BD, AD, but no AC when I want it. Or twelve brushes, none of them the right size to clean my drinking glasses.
4) Choice that can't be sorted through. Having 50 choices is tough. Having fifty choices when you can only see 3 at a time is aggravating.
Also, now I know why Kevin is so pudgy, if you eat so many candy bars ^-^
Tuesday must have been a
Tuesday must have been a slow news day. Actually only a former member of the Politburo would think that too much choice is a bad thing.
So I assume then you are
So I assume then you are against monogamy?
Why limit yourself to one sexual partner when you can choose from oh so many?
Wine is a good example of
Wine is a good example of too much choice, and cheese too. Thanks to Whole Foods and a few other places in town. Even if I find something I liked, the next time I go to the store I have a hard time remembering or finding that one I liked before. And even if I could find the ones I liked, I would feel like buying the same thing again was a missed opportunity to try something new, and more than likely the new choice would disappoint and discourage me from buying wine or cheese again. Actually, that's mostly my cheese situation. Since I have only ever enjoyed one bottle of wine before, it's more about cheese. When I have to buy wine, I basically stand around choosing for 15 minutes and then just take my best guess.
And I will never find that bottle of wine again. A friend in California had a special wine with no label made by a guy who works in a winery near SF (maybe it was the vintner). Apparently they are allowed to buy a small portion of the grape crop for themselves and make a couple hundred bottles of wine for their own personal use. My friend got a few bottles and opened his last one for a lobster dinner he made, and I figured it would be wasted on me. I couldn't believe my tongue when it actually tasted good (it was red wine, and I couldn't even tell you what kinds of grapes went into it). Of course I've probably never had wine that cost more than $50 a bottle before, so maybe there are lots of good wines out there. But $50 or $100 for a bottle of something I probably won't even like is way too much. Actually, as good as that wine was, I doubt I would pay $100 for it either. I can think of a lot more enjoyable ways to spend $100 than on drinking.
Actually, I think we drank
Actually, I think we drank the last two bottles. I'm a bit of a lightweight in the drinking dept, but I think it would have taken more than one bottle to get us both drunk.. That wine sure was good.
"It's worth noting that
"It's worth noting that whether or not social scientists are certain that the paradox of choice really exists, good sales people are certain that it does."
I must say I've been on occasion stunned by the uncanny ability of some salesmen to read people. If you need analysis, see a salesman before a psychiatrist.
Racist bigots are easily
Racist bigots are easily manipulated.
when they all have something wrong with them
Right now, I'm looking for a new GPS and a new digital camera. Let's discuss both, shall we?
This camera makes spectacular images . . . but it takes over 1 sec to focus. No deal. Missed too many shots with my current camera. This other focuses like a bat out of hell . . . but it uses a proprietary cable. No dice. Got too many things for which I can't find the damn cable. Got too many other things I want to use both at home and at the office. A cable at each place is nice, but not for $40. This third one takes HD movies . . . but the zoom doesn't work while movie making. This other one has a functional zoom . . . but the movies can only be 10 minutes long and are stored in a bizarre format.
GPS is even worse. I have yet to figure out how this year's model can have features from last year's model go missing. Once you've written the program for route avoidance, shouldn't you be putting it in every device from that point on up the price scale and forward in time? How does the $300 one have it and the $400 one not?
Why do vendors complicate their product lines in these ways? This is what makes me indecisive. Everything, quite literally, has a deal breaker built in. Let me offer some simple advice to all manufactures of everything everywhere forever.
1. Every higher level in your line should contain the lower levels as a subset (except possibly for specialized markets like GPS for truckers).
2. NO MORE PROPRIETARY SHIT EVER! No proprietary file formats, no proprietary cables, no proprietary batteries, and Sony for goddamn sake leave off the goddamn memory stick!
3. NO MORE PROPRIETARY SHIT EVER!
4. If you have a set of desirable features at some point in your product line, make at least one feasible attempt to put all of them in one device. I realize this isn't always possible, but it is more often than it is not. If I could identify a camera that takes decent stills up to ISO 400-800, takes HD movies in AVCHD format with operable zoom while filming (for God's sake, if Panasonic can figure it out so can you), doesn't impose a ridiculous artificial time limit on movies, is reasonably compact (I do want a DSLR but I don't want ONLY a DSLR), focuses in good light in less than 0.3 sec without a half press (and don't get me started on that stupid "functionality") and in bad light in less than 1 sec, and uses a standard USB cable for every goddamn thing you need a cable for, I'd buy it yesterday.
Please quit jerking my fucking chain.
Think of the Optometrists
Maybe it'd make more sense to revise the hypothesis. Instead of "more choices lead to such-and-such an outcome [for this-or-that population]" being the start- and end-point, it'd make sense to start with the more general assertion that "the number of alternatives has a direct relationship with the pattern of decision-making," then work out and test derivative and more specific hypotheses from there?
Hence the idea of thinking about alternatives. When diagnosticians have control over the process, they reduce all subjective choices to two, then try to structure those choices so that they lead to an ever-improving refinement of options. Assuming this is actually more effective than three- or four-option processes would be, maybe it suggests that fewer alternatives at each decision-point at least sometimes help people figure out what they really want more effectively than many?
Without getting too deep
Without getting too deep into explaining what I do (it's basically halfway between tech support and sales), I have to suggest that your description of salespeople is completely wrong.
A salesperson isn't trying to ask you questions to restrict choice based purely on restricting choice. Rather, he knows that he's got a much higher close rate if he tries to sell you something that you perceive you need/want than something you don't need/want.
I'm in the technology industry, so the questions I ask are pretty simple -- what do you plan to do with it, and exactly what things (reliability, performance, feature set, etc) do you care most about. It's pretty quick to narrow it down and get at least close to what you want. The "sales" portion that follows is largely about why you should take the product I'm trying to sell you rather than the product all my competitors are trying to sell you. I realize I can make that argument better if I choose a product close to what you perceive as your want/need -- because my competitors will choose whatever they think is closest.
To extrapolate, take wine. When I go looking for red wine, I particularly am a fan of Zinfandel from the Dry Creek Valley or Russian River Valley. A salesperson who asks me what I'm interested in will probably detect, if I say that, that I know a little bit about wine and probably am at least a bit interested in it. He/she will also know, if a good salesperson, roughly what the characteristics of that wine are. At that point he can try to point me in the direction of what I'm asking about ("well, have you tried this winery that just happens to be right in the region?") or maybe if he doesn't have something that fits can try to use that information to sell something similar, i.e. "well, I have this Pinot Noir from the Alexander Valley that I think is very similar to some of those Zins from Dry Creek, and I think you'd like it". If I walk in and tell him I'm used to buying $15-25 dollar bottles of Zin from Dry Creek, he's not going to take me to the aisle full of $100 bottles of Napa Cabernet. Because he knows that I'll view him -- rather than a trusted source for assistance -- as a worthless snake trying to sell the highest-priced item in the store.
Salespeople have the easiest job in the world if you know what you want, can articulate it to them, and if they have it on the shelf. That's primarily why they're asking questions. The questions serve dual purpose if they don't have it, of course, as it gives him the information to come up with the closest approximation to what you want. Sales folks aren't all thiefs and charlatans, they're really just trying to figure out what you want and give it to you. Those who are trying to give you a snow job are usually pretty transparent if you have two brain cells to rub together.
I always get intimidated by
I always get intimidated by choice. I can't stand having to decide on which fascinating post to comment.
Oh but I just did. Well I hate to choose but I love to procrastinate.
Why do salespeople do that ?
Wait I have a counter-argument. You note that sales people always try to narrow your set of choices. You conclude that they want you to have a small choice set. But wait an easier way to do that would be to stock fewer varieties (and the merchant saves interest and shrinkage and space and stuff).
I'd say that the point is the narrowing not the subsequent narrowness. Consider 3 cases.
In case 1 there are just 2 or 3 products
In case 2 there are 20 and the salesman is talking about how they are all good
In case 3 there are 20 and the salesman has convinced me that I am only interested in 2 or 3 of them.
By your argument cases 1 and 3 are equivalently good and the salesman had to get from 20 to 2 or 3, because his or her employer has stocked too many varieties.
My current guess is that the point is that once you* have narrowed the set of choices, you think you have accomplished something which will be wasted if you just walk out of the store. Or that once one* has gone from 20 to 2 or 3 it seems natural to continue on to 1 and then once one has done that it seems natural to buy it.
Another way to put it is that narrowing from 20 to 2 or 3 creates a kind of momentum and that this is the point of helping us* narrow our set of choices and part of the point of stocking so many different products.
* I especially hate choosing pronouns (or should I say we referring to to the choice challenged population or ...)
choosing
I hate wine, so when I have to choose, I just pick the prettiest bottle. If there's a cat on it, that's even better.
Seriously (although the above is true): I live in a country where the choice is 1/1000 of the typical US city. Oddly, when I lived in the US I wasn't much of a shopper, but here I find myself frustrated. I miss Target and Borders and BJs and places with lots and lots of choices. When I'm traveling in the US and Europe, now I like to walk into these places and just inhale the choices all around me. And yet, one day on my last trip, I wasn't in a great mood; and so I walked into a Borders and 10 seconds later walked out - too overwhelmed.
So I think it's pretty variable.
Two recent examples: I went
Two recent examples:
I went to look at air purifiers at the hardware store. There were so many different configurations, I decided I needed to do some research. I went to the library and xeroxed some articles from Consumer Reports. They are still on my desk, several months later. No purchase (yet).
Next, where to shop for fruits and vegetables? At the height of the season the Berkeley Bowl features about twenty varieties of tomatoes and twenty varieties of peaches. Just thinking of shopping there makes me tired, so I now shop at the Monterey Market, which has excellent produce, but is much smaller and has fewer (but enough) varieties of any given item.
Actually, probably MORE than
Actually, probably MORE than twenty varieties of each, tomatoes and peaches, at the b bowl.
Lame attempts.....
Yeah, I am "pro-choice" --- ha, ha, ha! So like I'm going say, you can have any color you like so long as its black? This is all so pathetic! --- You Liberals are trying to brace for a bad Christmas sales season and a suck-o economy with double digit inflation and unemployment worse than Jimmy Carter---by "explaining" in advance that it's because we poor dears out here just can't make up our minds? We have too many choices? How about the choice between paying my electric bill and a new Lexus? Ummm.....heat for my flat or....so many choices! I just can't decide!
Used to be we had a choice between buying cheap now or saving our money until we could afford a quality product which would last.
Now, the only options are to buy a cheap Chinese product now or save our money to buy a cheap Chinese product with more, "features," which we might never use. Either way, the thing will be junk right after the warranty is out. Then we'll have the same decision to make again.
Will the last American manufacturer please turn the lights off when he leaves?
The problem with the upper crust is too many crumbs.
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