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Do Cell Phones Kill 1,000 People a Year?
In June 2003, the Bush administration nixed a report on the dangers of gabbing while driving. Six months later, a Michigan 12-year-old became another statistic.
Fri Oct. 31, 2008 12:00 AM PDT
Behind the wheel and busy on her cell phone, Holly Jo Smeckert didn't slow down as she neared Knapp's Corner, a busy intersection in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
It was January 19, 2004, and the 20-year-old nanny and Sunday-school teacher was taking her young charge to dance class in her employers' Hummer. Smeckert was so absorbed in her call that she noticed neither the red light nor the line of cars stopped in the adjacent lane awaiting a signal change. Traffic flowed through the intersection in front of her, but that didn't register either. Without even touching the brakes, she blasted through the light at 45 miles an hour, slamming into a Chevy Suburban and pushing it 120 feet—over a sidewalk and onto a patch of snow.
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The other driver, Judy Teater, wasn't badly hurt, but Joe, her 12-year-old son, bore the full impact. He was unconscious, his breathing wet and gurgling. Judy, a former nurse, struggled to clear an airway. An anesthesiologist pulled over and tried mouth-to-mouth, sucking blood from Joe's lungs and spitting it onto the snow. A neighbor of the Teaters who had witnessed the crash called Judy's husband Dave in near hysterics; he arrived in time to watch emergency crews extricate his son, and then rode with Joe in the ambulance.
The boy never regained consciousness. Doctors ran tests but found no sign of brain activity, so the Teaters gave their permission to take their son off life support and harvest his organs. Joe's death was a big local story, and hundreds of people turned out for his funeral.
Dave Teater is tall and husky, a former small-college football player who, at 52, still looks fit. He was an early cell phone adopter himself, driving around in the late 1980s with a big, clunky one bolted to the console of his car. Back then, he ran an auto industry consulting firm and commuted about once a week between Grand Rapids and Southfield, near Detroit, a horrendous five-hour slog. His mobile filled the time and made him feel productive. Dead zones limited its utility at first, but as the network grew Dave found he could do conference calls while zipping along I-96. He'd hang up after a half hour, not knowing which side of Lansing he was on. A bit of foreshadowing, perhaps, but he didn't give it much thought until…Joe. Dave would later take up the cause of preventing more such deaths, and join a company that has pioneered cell phone safety technology. But for a time, he was too overwhelmed to do much of anything.
Joe was the youngest of Dave's three sons, and they were unusually close. Before he was born, Dave was preoccupied with his successful business. He also drank too much and, in his own eyes, fell short as a husband and father. Had he not joined AA and gone on the wagon, the Teaters would never have had their third child.
A cute kid with a million-candlepower smile, Joe had been counting down to his 13th birthday—and directing people not to call him "Joey." The day before the crash, Dave took him to the Detroit Auto Show, and then Greektown for lunch. Joe told his dad he needed to learn to like Greek food, because he was going to be an archaeologist, and "Greece is a real important place for archaeology." But Joe also struggled with attention deficit disorder. He was on the way to math tutoring when it happened.
In one unimaginable instant, the Teaters lost what they thought of as an almost perfect family life. Dave and Judy pretty much fell apart. Dave had never before wept from grief as an adult, but now tears came often. On the advice of a counselor, he kept a journal and poured out his despair. At times he felt envy for older people nearing the end of their lives. After a while, he became the volunteer director of a residential alcohol-treatment center. It helped to be involved with other people's problems, yet when his thoughts strayed from the loss of his son, he felt twinges of guilt. Compelled to drive past the accident site regularly, the Teaters sold their home and moved to a nearby town.
The crash sequence seemed equally incomprehensible: Smeckert had clear skies and good visibility. She was sober. And yet she had failed to process a whole string of visual cues. To Dave Teater, this made no sense at all—so he began to do some research.
The volume of scientific literature on cell phones and driving surprised Teater. He found studies that described gabbing motorists as driving impaired. Researchers had even coined a term—"inattention blindness"—to describe how a phone conversation could seize the mind like a tractor beam, dulling reaction times and situational awareness, particularly when the topic was complex or emotionally fraught. Paul Green, an engineering professor at the University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute, likened the mental demands to those of circus jugglers spinning plates on the ends of sticks. "You've got so much information from the roadway, and so much information from the phone, that it's just too much to deal with,'' he said.
A pair of studies in Canada (pdf.) and Australia concluded that talking on cell phones quadrupled a driver's risk of being in a crash. Researchers at the University of Utah tested 40 drivers in a simulator, monitoring responses to things like a car suddenly braking in front of them; the test subjects performed no better, and by some measures worse, while talking on a cell phone than they did with a blood alcohol level of .08 percent—legally drunk (pdf.).
Teater also learned that major corporations—including ExxonMobil, DuPont, and Shell—were so concerned about safety and liability that they banned on-road use of cell phones by their employees during work hours.
Why, he wondered, hadn't he heard about these things? Was everyone this ignorant? The thought made him angry. Holly Smeckert didn't seem like a bad person—her life was probably ruined, too. And had she been aware of the dangers, Teater thought, maybe she would have put down her phone.
Shortly before Joe's death, federal highway safety officials were having similar thoughts. Back in 2003, the wireless industry was in the midst of a phenomenal growth spurt, with millions of customers chatting and texting behind the wheel. (The US market has exploded from 1.2 million subscribers in 1987 to more than 250 million today; by one government estimate, 1 in 10 US drivers are using their cell phones at any given moment.) Other electronic distractions were multiplying, too, like cutting-edge navigation and infotainment systems that hadn't been independently evaluated for safety. It was time to take a stand, to tell motorists in no uncertain terms to hang up and drive. But then, abruptly, the federal officials backed off, leaving sobering cell phone safety data buried deep in the bureaucracy.
The shift played out at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a unit of the Transportation Department that regulates the auto industry and aims to reduce the annual toll of some 42,000 deaths on US roadways. Long hobbled by stingy budgets and agonizing caution, the agency has kept a low profile on the issue of electronic distractions.
In 2003, that seemed about to change. Agency researchers had spent months examining scores of studies and preparing hundreds of pages of briefing papers, laying the groundwork for a public outreach campaign. Among these documents, which NHTSA has refused to release but which were obtained for this article through unofficial channels, was the first-ever government estimate of deaths from cell phone-related crashes: 955 in 2002.
NHTSA administrator Jeffrey Runge was eager to act. In June 2003, he held a briefing for senior Transportation officials. "I was delighted with the briefing," he said in an email to his staff. "Mission accomplished so far."
Agency officials then drafted a bluntly worded letter to the nation's 50 governors on behalf of Transportation Secretary Norm Mineta. New York had become the first state to mandate use of hands-free devices, and other states were poised to follow. Officials at NHTSA feared such laws gave an imprimatur of safety to hands-free calling, perhaps encouraging drivers to spend more time on the phone. "Overwhelmingly, research worldwide indicates that both hand-held and hands-free cell phones increase the risk of a crash," the letter warned. "We are convinced that legislation forbidding the use of hand-held cell phones…will not be effective" and "may erroneously imply that hands-free phones are safe to use."
That letter was never sent—Mother Jones obtained it only after a persistent safety activist and lawyer named Aaron Wolff took the agency to court and pried loose a copy in 2007. The agency's estimate of cell phone deaths went unpublished, and the highway safety researchers who hoped to condense their huge briefing document into a public report were instructed not to.
Runge, who left NHTSA in 2005 to become assistant secretary for health affairs at Homeland Security, said in a recent interview that the decision not to send the letter was made "above my pay grade." He explained that "it was our responsibility to tell people what we knew," but there was no support for the initiative within the DOT. "When things are not going to fly, you move on,'' he said.
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Comments
Life is dangerous and then you die.
Saw a cartoon the other day, something about voluntary helmet standards for use in the shower where a few hundred fall and die each year. [1800 total deaths from falls, not sure how many are showers, but you get the idea.]
955 POSSIBLE, not a real number but a projection, a "could be" number. no real idea but could just as well be a couple dozen.
Suppose you are a passenger in a bus, in the car, a kidnap victim in the truck of car and then the motion detector doesn't let the phone work.
I'm really not convinced cell phones are the problem. The girl in the story had a history of speeding and was obviously not a model driver, with or without the phone. The good drivers I know use their cell phones carefully and drive just fine when they're on them. The lousy drivers I know are just as bad without their phones.
I also don't trust the statistics linking phone use and accidents. Correlation doesn't equal causation ~ so many people are on their phones in their cars that of course some people will get in accidents while talking on them. We don't worry about radios in cars anymore, do we? The real problem lies with aggressive, careless drivers who don't take what they're doing seriously. No amount of legislation can fix that.
I find it ridiculous to pretend like a person's ability to drive safely is not hindered by talking on a cell phone. It may not be the cause of every accident-- or even most--but we all know that using a cell phone while driving is distracting.
I'm not even sure why there's a debate on the topic of whether or not talking on the cell phone while driving affects your driving. Of course it does. It requires attention to the conversation, which takes attention away from driving.
I think any of us who talk on cell phones while driving, if we were totally honest, would admit that at least once we have made a driving mistake while fiddling with a cell phone and gotten away with it. I'm talking about an unsafe lane deviation, driving onto the shoulder, speeding, running a stop sign, or some other mistake. We've been lucky. Each one of those incidents could have killed or injured someone.
Just find a place to pull over. Does something have to be written into law to be a good idea?
-Wexler
There are a lot of things that can distract you from doing your 'job' when you're behind the wheel, and little stuff that can whittle away at your actual driving ability/reflex time etc.
Some examples: Not getting enough sleep, eating poorly, being angry/ill,
having distractions in the car such as overly loud stereos, DVD players/TV's where the driver can see them, getting too wrapped up in a radio broadcast, trying to work behind the steering wheel(unavoidable for some people, like delivery drivers, but still a distractor), and then there's outside stuff, like changing traffic conditions, road conditions, weather, all these can contribute to the stress level of sitting behind the wheel, trying to navigate from point A to point B, and detract from your ability to do so safely and successfully.
Cellphones enable people to reach you pretty much all the time, day or night.
Let's say you answer that phone. It's your boss. He/She is not happy with something, and has chosen to vent off on you about it. Or, it's a family member/friend who's taken this particular opportunity to cry on your shoulder, or otherwise be wholly dependent on your ostensibly superior reasoning skills and planning abilities. Or it's (god forbid) a TELEMARKETER. Or, even just a wrong number. Let's say that at the time you recieve the call, you're in the ebb and flow of 'rush hour' traffic. Let's say it's An Important Call. You get mentally involved. Your attention is now evenly/unevenly divided between what's going on around you in the physical world and directly in front of your car, and you're devoting more and more of your mental energies to the details coming to you over that phone.
Suddenly, there's an 'accident'(I don't believe in those, hence the funny punctuation marks) in front of you, and you have, oh, 2 seconds to not become involved in it. Or, say you're rolling along in city traffic, and some equally unaware, 3G-enabled pedestrian waltzes right into the path of your car. Common point? Sometimes, the only 'insurance' you have against an accident is the 1.5 seconds or so you really have between the time that something changes unexpectedly in front of your car, and your irrevocable opportunity to respond in time.
Driving is not an inherently 'safe' activity. If you're a 'flatlander', you're accustomed to straight-line roads that don't turn or change for many miles, or if they do change, it's very gradual. Nothing very exciting there. In that kind of driving environment, you can get bored, kind of go to sleep, and highway hypnosis is not a figment of the imagination. It happens especially when people have been driving for a lot of hours in such conditions. Hence the desire to utilize the time for other purposes. But, when you see people that are constantly on the phone behind the wheel, or see people spreading the newspaper out over the steering wheel while they're on cruise control(I've actually seen that one), or watching TV, or visibly weaving because they've just been on the road for too many hours trying to make it to that next business engagement/wherever else they might be going, well, you have to wonder just how much of a reserve safety margin you're talking about there. If you take the case of the sandstorm pileup in CA last year I think it was, where 80 motorists 'chained' into each other, well, not much. My point, without writing a book, here? You gotta be on your toes before you turn that key. If you're mad/tired/busy/whatever, or, for that matter, if your car is a piecahoopty with bald tires and/or other problems, you're a rolling wreck looking for a place to happen. They've done studies, and found that a person who's involved in a cell phone call is JUST as bad as someone who had a couple 'for the road'. Bad juju. The highway is the most dangerous place in the United States, and we've got a national highway system that most people have to make use of pretty much on a daily basis. I'm for throwing the cell phone in the glove box, and for folks that 'accidentally' run people over while talking on cell phones, I'm for throwing em in jail for 6 months and confiscating all means used to commit the manslaughter that they're responsible for. Conversely, for the pedestrian wireless-enabled, I think if you're walking along, jabbering away on your phone, and you step out in front of a moving car, there should equally be no mercy for you, nevermind that someone's probably going to be blotting you off the front of a Buick, but people have to be more attuned to what's going on around them, even if that means having to cut off friends/family/bosses when they're engrossed in such phone calls. The United States made it just fine without cell phones up until the 80's/90's, you don't HAVE to be constantly connected in order to get from Wednesday to Thursday, and besides, it just might do something beneficial for your personal stress level to shut the dang thing off and either put it in your pocket, or in the glove box. If it's really really urgent, they can leave you a voicemail. Or start learning to think independently for themselves, just like in Olden Tymes, there.
Cell phone use related/distracted driving deaths are still a drop in the bucket when their numbers are compared to the total number of road deaths. There are simply too many bad drivers (emotionally unstable, unskilled, slow, etc) on our roads. It has to be more difficult to obtain a driver license, people must be tested more frequently, there must be more enforcement, if you kill another person with your car you should never drive again, and so on. If you think the cell phone industry is a tough opponent, try implementing the above and see what the automakers and AAA do.
I don't answer my phone when I am driving. When I am talking to another person who is driving, I hang up. I encourage others to do the same.
I have noticed the loss of perception as well and was quite shocked to realize it had happened to me as I am one of the best damn drivers around (46 and no accident or moving violations of note).
The worse times seem to be when trying to locate and dial a # as voice recognition doesnt work on my phone.
Also another thing I have noticed personally is when I am using an Automatic Transmission Vehicle I do MUCH better than a Manual Shift.
For the longest time I would pull over to take/make calls and that became an unsafe annoyance real quickly.
So in short I follow these few rules and I seem to be doing OK as no one is honking at me :) LOL
1. The road is the priority, not the phone call.
2. Use an Automatic Transmission if one is available
3. Pull over if its cool.
4. Make it short and never take your eyes of the road....hold the phone at eye level in front of you instead of glancing down.
5. If youre in a spot...just drop the damn thing and take care of it.
6. Or just put it under the front tire of your car/truck and drive slowly and repeatedly back n' forth over the offending ringing bastard LOL
In 1995 a woman talking on a cell phone rear ended me when I was stopped at a stop sign. Every single vertabrae in my neck was herniated and I have been in agony ever since, to this day. While I am still alive, she basically took my good life away. I couldn't work, went bankrupt from medical bills, and now live with my mother who supports me.
Just last weekend I was in a Home Depot parking lot and witnessed a woman on her phone, smoking with kids in her car, back her Yukon out of a parking space and drive directly into the car driving down the lane. She never looked back. She got out of the Yukon and didn't even hang up the phone. The man she hit was screaming at her and she finally said "I gotta call you back." and then proceeded to tell him he was at fault. I stuck around and gave the police my business card and the policeman told me "we see it every day" - that's just unnecessary. HANG UP AND DRIVE@!!!!
I'm glad they mentioned all the other "features' of modern cars which compete for a driver's attention.
Just tuning the radio seems to require three fingers and too much searching for the correct buttons. And no two radios operate the same way.
As for cell phones, please remember this is NOT an issue of personal freedom. This is a public safety issue. We are on the road together. To endanger the lives of others for your irresponsible wish to run your mouth is inexcusable. Pull over or ignore the call!
A driver needs every bit of their attention on the road-period!Even at slow speeds, the unexpected can happen-a child runs in front of your car, an object on the road, a sudden decrease in speed in the car ahead of you...The list is endless. Then there is the human problem-some are distracted more easily than others, some are prone to be nervous or lack confidence in their driving skills and some are just plain nuts -certifiably! You can make all the excuses you want but it only takes one accident to make you want to leave the phone at home or pull over to talk!
The denser the population in the area you are driving, the more dangerous to be distracted...it's that simple. Here on Long Island I see plenty of preoccupied simpletons yakking on cellphones, with no free hand to signal or to help them stay in their lanes. I've heard it said a cellphone talker behind the wheel is as impaired as a drunk. Based on what I've seen, I believe it.
How very sad for this young man's family.
Everywhere I go, I experience some half wit mindlessly/carelessly talking on a cell phone. Quite frankly I don't want to hear about your sex life or lack there of or who is sleeping around in your family. Get some class and just turn off the damned cell phone while in the car and out in public. Keep "your business" at home.
I am 44 years old and I really believe that the world was a much better place before all this unnecessary techno gadgets came along to add all kinds of additional harm to our daily lives.
This story, and so many like it, makes me sad and angry. But even when things don't end tragically, I think our connections to phones (and disconnection from the world in front of us) is very disheartening. Twas a time when doing things alone (like shopping, walking, driving, etc.) was a time for personal reflection. When I see someone talking on a cell phone in an inappropriate setting, I can't help but think they are shallow, desperate, and insecure. The issue with our connection through technology is that we don't attend to our feelings anymore; we push them away. Individuals (and society) suffer from painful, desperate disconnection from the real stuff of life.
I am very disciplined about my cell phone manners, and I am proud of it.
I didnt die, but I kissed an airbag and my car was destroyed by a moron talking on his cellphone who sailed through a red light well after it changed. He T-boned me, and came out of his car with the phone still screwed in his ear, before the smoke and debris settled. Never missed a beat.
As an attorney I have see the following and more. A young mother left her 5 year old daughter scarred for life when she lost control of her car and was nearly decapitated, bleeding to death as her daughter was pinned beside her. A 16 year old boy who killed himself after causing a tragic accident when he dropped his cell phone and lost control as he tried to retreive it. Three boys left without a mother or functioning father when a truck driver trying to arrange a lunch date failed to see their mother's car and crushed her to death. Her husband heard the crash and ran to the scene, he has not recovered from the terrible sight. Driving while intoxicated is a crime driving while distracted is a license to kill and maim.
We can easily gather the information to know if a person was on the phone prior or during an accident: subpoena the phone log as a part of the accident investigation. If this is routinely done, we can gather accurate data. The police know the time of an accident, and the phone logs would clearly indicate driver cell phone usage.
As with so many things, this is a matter of political will. Do we WANT to know?
they banned driving with cell phoning here but you still see lots of people driving and talking. I guess they think they know better. it will take time for people to understand what price they are paying. Where are the pro-life voters now??
I am 38 and must agree with others that the lack of class and public manners is disheartening. There has been a shift from keeping your personal life private, to now putting it all on public display via cell phones in malls, markets, restaurants. all the small talk is now public and unnecessary. as far as in the cars....completely obvious they are a distraction.
The people "in the know" know that these things are killing people in more ways than one! The fact that this poor boy even had ADHD, makes many of us "in the know" wonder "Why must this insanity continue?"! The next time you think about using your wireless devices while driving, think twice! Better yet, why don't you just do us all a favor and toss your stupid toys out the window -- and make sure they smash hard on the ground when you do!
Dear Helen Clark @
http://ie.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw6av2W60KA
Though Helen Clark is no longer Prime Minister of New Zealand someone should definitely make something similar called "Dear Barack Obama".
She "racked up a string of speeding tickets" and was a "good person"? Reminds me of the Sesame Street skit "one of these things is not like the other". Someone with that many tickets is NOT a "good person". That's someone who obviously has no regard for the law and certainly no regard whatsoever for their own welfare and the welfare of others.
cell phones
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Mon Jun. 1, 2009 5:45 PM PDT.
I use the horn a lot to warn dangerous drivers who go left of center and come into my lane. Also, when I'm being tailgated, I turn on the hazard lights and hit the horn. Drivers are afraid that that will draw the attention of the police and they back off.
voice mail safer?
Submitted by m.o. (not verified) on Tue Jul. 21, 2009 12:59 PM PDT.
Have there been any studies on the distraction of checking a voice mail message while driving? I admit to having done both - talking and checking - and it seems that the talking is very distracting, but if I'm listening to a voice mail and something happens in the road, I pay attention to the distraction and miss hearing that part of the voice mail. This strikes me as moderately safer than talking, though perhaps still unsafe. Or perhaps not - it may be more akin to listening to the lyrics of a song playing on the radio, which most people can tune out when traffic situations call for increased focus.
cell phone
Submitted by Teri T (not verified) on Wed Jul. 22, 2009 7:28 AM PDT.
I am disturbed when I witness over the road truck drivers using their cell phones. It is glued to their ear. These drivers haul fuel, grain, and other products. They have crushed families to death and no one does anything about it.
When will it stop?
"wired" for 1 task at a time
Submitted by Supsub on Wed Jul. 22, 2009 1:41 PM PDT.
While we claim we can multitask, brain research shows that humans are wired to do one task at a time. It would be interesting to see brain scans of an engaged cellphone user while traipsing through traffic and compare it to persons simply listening to the radio or conversing with a passenger in the car. Agree, its not the gadget that causes the problems, its the engagement of the conversation while driving.
For your own sake
Submitted by 2Lina2 (not verified) on Wed Jul. 22, 2009 2:08 PM PDT.
It might not be a law to avoid cell phones whilst driving, and you might not believe that talking on a cell makes you a worse driver--but if you're ever involved in an accident while on your phone, you might wish you had pulled over or hung up by the time the attorneys are through with you. Exercise a little self-preservation and pull over. Oh, by the way, research has shown that some people who've left their babies/toddlers in carseats to die were involved in cell phone conversations that so absorbed their attention, they forgot their own children. Face it: it might not happen often, it might not happen to you, but when it does happen, people's worlds are torn apart. Let voicemail pick up those calls while you're driving, and ring back when you've stopped.
cellphones while driving
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Fri Jul. 24, 2009 6:23 AM PDT.
when people talk on their cellphones then yes, they have a risk of making an accident, but it is not the cellphone killing people, it is the cellphone that causes the driver not to concentrate on the road, then leading to an accident, which could cause death or critical injury to the driver or passengers.
THAT IS WHY IT IS ILLEGAL TO DRIVE AND TALK ON A CELLPHONE AT THE SAME TIME HERE IN SA.
These numbers assume that
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on Fri Jul. 24, 2009 3:01 PM PDT.
These numbers assume that drivers using cell phones do not compensate by slowing down or driving defensively. Overall, people tend to assume a fixed level of risk - when some factor increases their risk, they tend to take actions to reduce it to a level that is comfortable for them. The reverse is also true: studies investigating the effects of antilock brakes on accident rates have shown that some drivers drive more aggressively when they have antilock brakes, compensating for the added margin of security the brakes provide.
Cell phone usage has exploded in the past 20 years, but I don't believe the overall number of accidents per mile traveled has correspondingly increased. That argues against a strong real-world link between cell phone use and accidents. Compare this to the link between smoking and lung-cancer rates - lung cancer prevalence increased in sync with increased smoking rates.
Even when accidents are attributed to cell phone use, the cell phone may not have been the determining factor. Speeding or other recklessness (for example trying to make it through an intersection before a light changes) are equally likely causes. If the proportion of accidents involving cell phones increases while the overall rate of accidents remains the same, it suggests that more accidents are being attributed to cell phones - not that cell phones are causing an increasing number of accidents.
Cell phones in automobiles
Submitted by Dick Callahan (not verified) on Fri Jul. 24, 2009 4:47 PM PDT.
Pilots in aircraft, most all aircraft, use headphone type radio signaling systems. Both hands are always at the controls of that aircraft. Commercial or private, it does not matter the difference. It is the best system to use for pilots in aircraft.
It is no different with the automobiles or trucks or commercial vehicles. You are in fact piloting those monsters on our highways and streets. You must use both hands to control the steering just as you must use both eyes to see where you are going. No exceptions unless you have lost a limb.
I do not have a cell phone nor do I intend on getting one. I drove a parts truck for four years delivering parts to repair shops, auto body and mechanical. I had a radio phone system and hated it. I was a continual distraction when the dispatcher kept calling me on those busy highways. I had to pull over and he kept asking why it did not respond right away. I vote NO on the use of cell phones in automobiles.
replica watches
Submitted by qmly on Mon Oct. 26, 2009 10:32 PM PDT.
Many websites have copied much of our contents word by word and photos.These are scam websites. As a result, many customers from the scam replica watches website contact us, asking where their shipment is. replica watch Please be aware, that if you see a website with a VERY similar name or contents,omega watches it is probably a scam. WE ARE NOT associated with any other websites.
something about voluntary
Submitted by cell phone number reverse search (not verified) on Wed Nov. 18, 2009 8:23 AM PST.
something about voluntary helmet standards for use in the shower where a few hundred fall and die each year. [1800 total deaths from falls, not sure how many are showers, but you get the idea.
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